The differentional (English Phonology)

PHONEME

·               Phoneme is a unit the most small and have function to different of meaning.

·               In this part speech devide this stream of sounds. We call it segments for example:

“Man”

Pronounced with a first segment M-) ae -) n.

But it is not easy to devide on the number of segments

·             The principles involved here may be easier to understand if we look similar at a similar situation in letter  or alfabet like /a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/

Pit

Pet

Pat

Put

Pot

Putt

Speech can divide into segments, and we can find great variety in the way these segments are made. But just as there is an abstract alphabet as the basis of our writing, so there is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech its namely phonemes, and the complete set of these units is called the phonemic system of the language

·             Phonology

·         Phonology is study a related but different subject.

·            phonology have three types these are;

·               Study  of the phonemic system.

·               1.Similar  cards used in card game or the set of pieces used in a game of chess

Like the exact shape and colour.

2.Phoneme sequences  and syllable structure.

·               No english word begins with the consonant sequence zbf and no words end with the sequence aeh

3. Suprasegmental phonology.

·               Stress and intonation is very important to contrasts that the extend over several segments ,this is contrasts namely suprasegmental.

·               Fricatives and affricatives

Fricatives and affricatives divide into four types these are:

·                   Production Of Fricatives And Affricatives

·                   The Fricatives Of English

·                   The Affricatives

·                  Fortis Consonants

Production of fricatives and affricatives

Fricatives have 2 mean these are :

1)Consonants with the characteristic that when they are produced ,air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound.

 2)Continuant consonants, which means that you can continue making them without interruption as long as you have enough air in your lungs

The important of the narrow passage is

·              Make a long , hissing s the tongue is lower and it can stop if the air       passage gets larger .

·             Make a long  f sound ,if we producing this sound use our fingers to pull the lower lip away from the upper teeth.

Affricatives is rather complex consonants .begin as plossives and end as fricatives.

2. The fricatives of  English

English has quite a complex system of  fricative phonemes .This are…

FORTIS(voiceless)

Labiodental:f

Dental:O

Alveolar :s

Palato-alveolar:

Glottal: h

LENIS (voiced)

Labiodental :v

Dental :O

Alveolar :Z

Palato –alveolar: 3

Glottal : h

The place of articulation

Labiodental  fricative

·               It has function to know the role of  lip and teeth.

·              The example Alphabet of  these are  f ,v like word “ fast /      / and very /     /”.

·               The position of  this in all positions.

Dental  fricative

·               It has function to know the role of  teeth.

·              The example Alphabet of  these are 0 , o like word “think /       / and this /       /”.

·               The position of  symbols consonant sounds  in all positions.

Palato-alveolar fricative

·               The teeth touch the tongue .

·              The example word and symbols are   ,3

·               /   /: Shirt /       / the position of  this symbol in all positions.

·               /   /: rouge /        / this symbols have position in the middle and final.

3. The  affricates

·               ,d3 the only two affricatives phonemes in english.   Sligtly aspirated in the positions where p,t,k,but not strongly. The place articulation is the same as f,3, that is palato-alveolar,the place articulation  rather further back in the mouth.    and d3 have rounded lips.